Are Four Kinds Of Assessments - 935 Words

There are four kinds of assessments. One initial assessment: A progress during which start to build up a picture of a leaner’s achievements, skills, previous learner, goals and learning needs. This will help to place learners in appropriate learning programmes. Assessment number two is diagnostic assessment: A detailed assessment of a learner’s existing skills and areas of need with respect to a particular subject area. Assessment number three is formative assessment; this is an ongoing assessment of what process and learning is taking place during a course. The last one is summative assessment; this usually occurs at the end of a programme, topic, unit or full qualification. The assessment types are different from assessment methods. A†¦show more content†¦The areas for development about this assessment is we need to keep the group focused and set a time limit; some learner may not get involved, others may take over. For example in a small group there are five learners: three teenagers, one middle aged and one sixties. When the teacher asks a question the teenagers always answer and the other two are always quiet and they let the teenagers talk. So they don’t participate or attempt to answer any of the questions. They might think that younger learners know everything. Examination is a formal assessment. Learners can have books or notes with them, the cons are some learners may be anxious and may have been taught purely to pass expected questions. (Gravells, 2012). When planning an assessment, it has to be valid, reliable, fair and ethical. For example if I am going to assess a group of learners who is different age, religion or comes from a different country, I need to make sure that the assessment is appropriate to the qualification that is suitable for the group and available to all and differentiates for any particular needs like elder, deaf, etc. Assessment is the process by which

Importance Of Selling To Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 999 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? IMPORTANCE OF SELLING TO THE COMPANY The relationship that exists between CARI-MED Ltd. Sales and marketing department is close in that they are both under the control of the same individual Lanna Bennett. The two department are very different, but all with the same goal. Marketing plays a very important role in sales as an improvement in the selling environment. The goal of the marketing department is to create opportunities for interaction between prospect and the sales team. In gaining prospects promotional activities are undertaken by CARI-MED this includes advertising, sales promotion and offering new products. The marketing team is therefore responsible for bringing the customers ‘through the door’ to allow sales people to entice them to buy the products or products that CARI-MED has to offer. The primary responsibility of the sales is to supply to the customers the products desired by them at the right quality and price at the right place and time. The sales and marketing department of CARI-MED Ltd. aintains a good relationship with all departments that it comes in contact with. This includes all other marketing related departments as well as other functions like the Human Resource department, Finance, MIS/Logistics and so on. CARI-MED mission statement is to be a dynamic provider of quality healthcare and consumer products to meet the needs of  consumers. Encourage the highest level of professionalism and ethical standards among their staff to ensure that their commitment to their motto â€Å"Service is our Goal† is realized. Maintain a family culture that provides a working environment conducive to teamwork, as well as the professional, personal and spiritual development of members of staff. Conduct the business of the organization to sustain profitability and responsible commercial success, while contributing to the development of the society in which they operate. The Company is led by a Board of Directors, Chairm an and Chief Executive Officer, Glen Christian who is also the founder. He is supported by the General Manager Denis Grant. Six departments report to the General Manager, Finance- MR. Grant, Sales and Marketing- Lanna Bennet, MIS/Logistics, Human Resource- Mrs. Stewart-Gordon, Distribution and Customer Service. CARI-MED was incorporated in 1985 and has become the leading distributor of pharmaceuticals and fast moving consumer goods. This includes a wide range of ethical and OTC drugs, diagnostic reagents, Medical equipment and strong portfolio on health and beauty aid products. In 1996 CARI-MED ltd diversified its operations with the distribution of consumer brands. CARI-MED has become the leading distributor of personal care and household products in Jamaica for e. . CARI-MED antiseptic mouthwash, Lysol, Gillette, Wrigley’s and many more. Thy have also distributed food lines such as juices, teas, spring water, confectionery and nutritionals. CARI-MED’s competitors include H. D. Hopwood, Grace Kennedy Ltd. , T. Geddes Grant, Chas E. Ramson, World Brand Services Ltd. , Wisynco Group and Lasco Distributors. CARI-MED has many competitive advantages has over its competitors. Pricing is an advantage where distributor – supplier agreements are made which allows for special pricing; Access to a wide range of products. This variety spans from instrumental equipment for general applications and also for specialized area including obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, physiotherapy, pediatrics and so on. CARI-MED also provides special sourcing where necessary as well as providing consumer household products; they maintain a competitive advantage in the pharmaceutical and consumer industries by excelling at service delivery. Upon entry into both business areas, CARI-MED quickly established standards of customer care and quality that set the company apart as a clear leader among the many other companies. The customer focus approach is strengthe ned by an in-depth knowledge of customer behavior which enables CARI-MED Ltd. not only to address current concerns but to take preemptive action when necessary; After Sales Support is another competitive advantage. This includes warranty, user training, optional service contract, services of in house biomedical technician (trained by supplier), access to supplier technician if needed and access to spare or replacement parts; and the last competitive advantage includes staff turnover. CARI-MED has an employee population of over 300 persons and a staff turnover currently standing at 0. 9%. CARI-MED’s general approach to selling is a mixture of both consultative and low key. Low key because most of the customers will normally order stock with a mixture of the same product from all distributors. The consultative approach is used in instances where CARI-MED would consult with a customer where they have purchased a large quantity of a product or products and are interested in di scounts. They also have a consultative management style and a flat structure geared towards fast decision making, strong dedication to customer satisfaction through the expert   delivery of high quality service, a result oriented approach to their business, a nurturing family environment and producing high performance teams. Sales Automation is used by CARI-MED to help their sales person in being successful sales professionals. CARI-MED’s sales representatives have recently started to use a hand held wireless sales tool called mobile sales force (MSF). The MSF is used to take orders, enter documentation for goods being returned by a customer, check stock on hand at the warehouse, check prices and many other functions. They do not have a customer relationship management system. CARI-MED does use key account management. Key account managers have years of experience working in the sales department. This individual is usually a sales representative who have sold to large individual accounts or some chain store accounts and is consistently made or exceeded his/her sales quota. The best person to manage the key accounts must have supervisory or organizational skills as they will be responsible for managing a few representatives as a key account manager. A strategic alliance was developed with KIRK Distributors formerly known as Colgate Jamaica Ltd.. KIRK Distributors is a sister company to CARI-MED Ltd. , they are also involved in the consumer goods distribution business. These are normally sold by CARI-MED to smaller accounts (pharmacies, gas stations, etc. ). This helps KIRK to get a wider customer base and should help increase CARI-MED’s revenue. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Selling To Company" essay for you Create order

Analysis Of As I Lay Dying - 1086 Words

William Faulkner’s novel As I Lay Dying follows the Bundren family on their trek along the countryside to bury Addie, the matriarch of the family. Through Faulkner’s usage of internal monologue, each character reveals a different aspect of their personality. One of the most noticeably erratic viewpoints in the novel is that of the youngest Bundren, Vardaman, whose stream-of-consciousness is so volatile that it raises debates on whether or not he is suffering from psychological illnesses. Some argue against this fact, claiming that his irregular thoughts are due to his youth and inability to fully comprehend the situation happening around him. However, Vardaman’s sense of unreality when assigning human to animal relationships within the novel reveals signs of Neurotic Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Psychosis. Vardaman does suffer from other psychological issues besides being young. Vardaman exhibits signs of a Neurotic disorder called Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. The â€Å"Pure O,† or the obsession aspect of the disorder, is characterized by â€Å"recurring and distressing thoughts, fears, or images† (WebMD). A key component of Pure O is rumination, which involves dwelling about certain themes. For Vardaman, he is infatuated with the idea that Addie is a fish. He constantly dehumanizes Addie into a fish, which is seen in the bridge scene. When witnessing the fall of the coffin into the river, Vardaman does not describe the coffin falling but instead describes a fish that isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 1528 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst-person, second-person, and third-person point of views. Either of the foregoing points of views have different effect on the understanding and believability of the characters or the story being told, as is evident from O Pioneers! and As I Lay Dying novels. As I lay dying is a narrative by William Faulkner who uses multiple narrators and different techniques to convey a message from different points of view. Through the narratives of the fifteen different characters in the novel, it is important to understandRead MoreAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 1682 Words   |  7 PagesProfession of Poverty As Robert Kennedy once said, â€Å"I believe that, as long as there is plenty, poverty is evil† (Kennedy). Money and wealth contribute to the image a person presents. In a world based on standards such as those, the wealthy will seem to be superior to the poor and that almost never ends in a positive way. William Faulkner, author of As I Lay Dying, was aware of the effects of poverty and took the opportunity to use his characters to depict poverty s effects. The novel takes placeRead MoreAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 1204 Words   |  5 PagesBlake Huston Kelly Hoffer Interpretation of Literature October 19th, 2015 Dewey Dell’s Uncontrollable Fate In William Faulkner’s novel, As I Lay Dying, the reader is encouraged to sympathize with Dewey Dell on account of her quickly waning life. We are given multiple circumstances in the book where Dewey Dell’s life is noticeably described in a negative way, not as a person, but rather how bad of a situation she is in. She is an impregnated seventeen-year-old girl who is unable to find proper treatmentRead MoreAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying1497 Words   |  6 PagesAs I Lay Dying, is a novel about the death of Addie Bundren and the events that follow to her burial. The story is told through fifteen different perspectives over the course of fifty-nine narrative chapters. William Faulkner gives the reader insight into what each character is thinking and their reactions to the events taking place. Each member of the Bundren family holds their own secrets that they keep from one another. These secrets eventually distance each member from one another over the durationRead MoreAnalys is Of As I Lay Dying1599 Words   |  7 Pages by William Faulkner, As I lay Dying, the Bundren family suffers the loss of Addie Bundren a beloved wife and mother. In honoring Addie’s last wish, the Bundrens make the trip to Jefferson to bury her with her relatives. During the trip every thing that could go wrong does. This story is told from plentiful points of view and reveals the completely unstable psychological state of the Bundren family. Through a psychoanalytical approach of William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying, readers will see that FaulknerRead MoreAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Silence As I Lay Dying, is a novel written by William Cuthbert Faulkner, where a poor southern family named the Burdens set off on a journey through 1920’s Mississippi to bury their recently deceased mother Addie Bundren. Before, Addie Bundren passes away she makes her husband Anse promise to bury her in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi. This is a large task as the Burden family is located in Yoknapatawhpha County, Mississippi and they must make the rough journey to give theirRead MoreAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 944 Words   |  4 PagesFaulkner’s Description of Dewey Dell in As I Lay Dying William Faulkner’s phrasing, point of view, and grammar in his polyphonic novel, As I Lay Dying, strategically employs the miserably pessimistic yet juvenile voice of Dewey Dell to characterize her as the novel’s naà ¯ve victim. The only surviving female in the Bundren family, Faulkner presents the hardships that Dewey Dell must endure. In addition, as an uneducated gi rl with no guidance, Dewey Dell experiences an uncertainty in many issues thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Faulkner s As I Lay Dying 1441 Words   |  6 Pages In As I Lay Dying, with his unique and modern writing style, Faulkner and portrays the Bundrens’ struggle to deal with a death in the family. He shows how this dysfunctional family, caged in by societal norms and their individual emotional battle, ultimately falls into an abyss of unending hopelessness and despair. Throughout the Bundrens’ journey, Faulkner uses common archetypes in order to challenge his readers’ and society’s ingrained perceptions of families and suffering and to demonstrate howRead MoreAnalysis Of William Faulkners As I Lay Dying1840 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"If you cannot find peace within yourself, you will never find it anywhere else.† The psychology of humans can be expressed in two groups, stable or not. These two groups can be applied to a psychoanalytical approach of William Faulkner’s, As I lay Dying. In this story, the Bundren family suffers the loss of Addie Bundren a loved wife and mother. Anse and the rest of the family, honoring her last wish, make the trip to Jefferson to bury her with her relatives. During the trip every thing that couldRead MoreAnalysis Of William Faulkner s I Lay Dying 1486 Words   |  6 PagesOn the back of my edition of As I Lay Dying there is a quote from William Faulkner on the subject of his novel. The quote says: I set out deliberately to write a tour-de-force. Before I even put pen to paper and set down the first word I knew what the last word would be and almost where the last period would fall. The end result is a work of precision and care. Each word has been carefully chosen and carefully ordered to create his â€Å"tour-de-force†. This can be both a comfort and a frustration to

Identity Every Person is a Story Essay - 1050 Words

Identity is the concept of knowing yourself by following a lineage and other factors that make a person (Korfmacher, 25). In most cases of identification, individual is supposed to follow his or her background and affiliate with a group. In this case, a group can be family, tribe, nation, culture, and many others. As already mentioned, many people find it easy to identify with a group, but this is not the case of many people as well. Some individuals have struggled with what is commonly known as an identity crisis. There are many factors that have led to such unfamiliar cases, and the cases are unfamiliar because everybody is expected to affiliate with a group. The basic group a person can identify with is a family which gives an†¦show more content†¦A close-knit family is the strength of every individual, and family unity makes one stronger both psychologically and socially. And as said, nuclear family is everything as far as family matters are concerned. Nuclear family is the foundation of individual’s identity. The strength of the nuclear family makes one belong and feel loved. This concept is evident in Updike’s book â€Å"Separating† where Richard Maple and his wife, Joan Maple are facing a divorce. As a matter of family unity, the two are getting had to break the news to the family (Updike, 35). The family is facing a daunting task as they know the problem will severely affect their children, and the question is lingering in the head of Mr. and Mrs. The reaction of the children is the worry the couples are trying to anticipate. In trying to get to the bottom of the matter, the two finally break the news with the reaction not very pleasing. In this scenario, it can be deduced that parents’ decision in a nuclear family plays a crucial role in strengthening the bond. Children raised by both parents grow up healthy and mentally stable. As said in the begging, a person’s story highlights many things about his or her background which in this case is the family tree. It is a noble idea for one to know his or her family from the great grandparents to the current family. Family tree is followed in different ways, and the most notable way is the use of surname. Use of family name is very crucial because it hasShow MoreRelatedLost Names Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ True Identity There comes a point in time in an individual’s life in which their name truly becomes a part of their identity. A name is more than just a title to differentiate people; it is a part of the person. In Lost Names: Scenes from a Korean Boyhood by Richard E. Kim, names play a major role on the character’s identities. The absence and importance of the names in the story make the story rich with detail and identity through something as simple as the name of a character. Names are aRead MoreComparative Analysis Of The School Days Of An Indian Girl1235 Words   |  5 Pagesshows us a view of ethnic identity. By telling us how a little girl is in a home, away from her mother, while learning how to adapt to the new culture she’s in. In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, it shows us a different view of a man in another form of an ethnic identity. It shows us that the man is seen as a different person then who he really is, instead of a black man who isn’t seen as wh at he actually is. In Why I am A Pagan by Zitkala-sa, it used cultural identity by focusing on how the worldRead MoreDragon s Identity By Maxine Hong Kingston s 1976 The Woman Warrior1623 Words   |  7 PagesDragon’s identity Having two identities is like mastering the dragon ways. In Maxine Hong Kingston’s 1976 The Woman Warrior, she retells about her autobiography in a fictional way and greatly magnifies the art of storytelling. Maxine introduces with the story about her unknown aunt and then transitioning to her favorite story about a woman warrior, Fa Mu Lan. Then she explores about her mother’s past, sister, and interaction with herself. She truly connects every part of the story and createsRead MoreAlice In Wonderland Identity Crisis Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Carroll Alice Adventures in Wonderland is a story that every child wanted to read in the Victorian Era. The education system of the Victorian Era limited the thoughts, speech and actions of individuals. People were the product of the Victorian society in which they were raised. Victorian novelists highlighted this in the books that they wrote. It contributed to the identity crisis of the Victorian Era in which chil dren were affected. Victorian society discourages the use of imagination. AliceRead MoreWhat is Identity?1232 Words   |  5 Pages The exact dictionary definition of identity is: â€Å"The fact of being who or what a person or thing is.† One cannot just have a single identity. Each and every person has a different identity for different situations. For example, a person may act differently in front of their grandmother then they would in front of their younger brother. In front of your grandmother you are more humble and polite, but in front of your younger brother you probably are more demanding and impertinent. This is justRead MoreAnalysis of The Raft1164 Words   |  5 PagesPeter Orner The short story †The Raft† is written by Peter Orner in 2000. The story is about a boy growing up, who becomes aware of life and death and the difference between good and evil. This analysis will focus on the main theme growing up, the narrator, and his relationship to the grandfather. â€Å"The Raft† is about a twelve-year-old boy, who visits his grandparents. The grandfather tells him a story that he has already heard several times, but this time the story is different. The grandfatherRead MoreThe Metamorphosis, By Bartleby, The Scrivener, And Orientation1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Identity Identity plays an important role in a person’s life. It determines how a person lives, acts, communicates, and defines themselves in the world around them. During this semester, we have read a handful of short stories that have to do with an individual’s identity. Three of those stories include, â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† by Franz Kafka; â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† by Herman Melville; and â€Å"Orientation,† by Daniel Orozco. Each of these short stories gives examples of how yourRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Going Back Home 1000 Words   |  4 Pagesqualities differentiate them from others, and help form their identity. In the stories we have read in class, such as â€Å"Going Back Home†, written by Toyomi Igus and Michele Wood, â€Å"Nei Um Lung, Ma?† by May Yee, and â€Å"The Jade Peony† by Wayson Choy, the characters’ hobbies, beliefs, and family roots make them unique and interesting. Due to many factors, inclu ding different experiences in life, an individual develops many aspects in their identity that are different from others. Hobbies, which are adoptedRead MoreShooting An Elephant, By Alice Walker And Everyday Use1026 Words   |  5 PagesWe have different identities based on our cultural, ethnic, racial and religious differences. These identities will affect how we see ourselves since we might have different responsibilities, job duties and backgrounds. In the two literature stories â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and â€Å"Everyday Use†, Alice Walker and George Orwell both show how identity is connected to how we see ourselves in the present. In the story â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, the main character is a white policeman in British Burma. He receivedRead MoreSocial Construction Theory : The Product Of Society And History851 Words   |  4 PagesFall Term Essay 1 Social construction theory explains human behaviour and identities as the product of society and history (Vance 29). This theory is the opposite of biological determinism and essentialism which suggest that genetic, physiological, and biological traits determine human behaviour (Vance 29). As mentioned in lecture (Klement), identities are unique to every person; they are the values, norms, values, and images in society that are combined, constructed, or created. Societal pressures

Knowlege on Segway Free Essays

The Segway Personal Transporter (PT) represents the next generation in personal mobility, offering several advancements that make the ride even more intuitive and productive than ever before. Other examples of Segway Smart Motionâ„ ¢ technology and licensing of Segway Smart Motion technology to other third-party companies, demonstrate that Segway continues to challenge the assumptions and expand the boundaries of traditional transportation. For Consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowlege on Segway or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can choose between the versatile and sleek flagship model, the Segway i2 with lithium-ion batteries standard); the Segway x2, or six different fully equipped packages tailored to such uses as commuting and golf. The Segway i2 is a great way to enjoy the ride while commuting to work, running errands, or just traveling a short distance where a car is more hassle than it’s worth. The Segway x2 brings added versatility to your world, offering sturdy capability in rugged off-sidewalk terrains such as trails, bike paths or beachfronts. The Segway x2 Golf package is an innovative, fun and flexible way to play around. And remember, fun is engineered into every Segway PT we build! Go to our easy to use configurator to build your own Segway PT and decide which Segway PT may be best suited for you. Every Segway PT is engineered from the groundup for durability and reliable operation for years to come, and they all come standard with a one-year limited warranty. For Businesses Businesses worldwide have discovered the enhanced productivity and increased mobility inherent to the versatile, reliable and durable Segway i2. The Segway i2 has been developed to excel in speed, range, and maneuverability in varied environments. It comes standard with lithium-ion batteries for extended range of up to 24 miles on a single charge. Packages tailored to the needs of security and commercial customers are now available and an additional range of accessories can be added for true customization. Police and security agencies worldwide are using Segway products to patrol airports, transit stations, manufacturing facilities, shopping malls and campuses. Check out the versatile Segway i2 Police , optimized for policing needs with additional cargo and reflectivity options. For businesses operating in outdoor environments, the Segway x2 maximizes performance on diverse off-sidewalk terrain. This rugged version of our venerable Segway PT makes tackling rough terrain a breeze. Equipped with standard lithium-ion batteries and low-pressure tires. The Segway Robotic Mobility Platform (RMP) takes the performance and engineering prowess demonstrated in the Segway PT and makes it available in a durable package for robotics applications. How to cite Knowlege on Segway, Papers

Application of Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting.

Question: Discuss about the Relevance and Application of Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting. Answer: Introduction From last two decades, organization have progressively used their yearly reports to voluntarily report data indentifying with their social activities, especially showing their concern towards natural environment. Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. Legitimacy theory defined that organizations are bounded by social contract in which organization agrees to do social activities and in return they get authority to meet their objectives without any interference. Deegan (2002) explained that both the term legitimacy and legitimating are different. Legitimacy is the condition which exists when value of the organization is similar to the society whereas legitimation is the process because of which organization is able to view as a legitimate. In todays era, application of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting plays an important role as it provide satisfaction that organizations actions are appropriate and desirable without harming the interest of the society. Legitimacy theory provides mechanism to understand voluntary disclosure made by the company. First, in this report we will discuss about ethical prospective and voluntarily disclosure of entity, then contract between entity and society in social contract, after that we will study how legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and positive accounting theory. At last, summarizes with how to act legitimately for social contract. Relevance and Application of Legitimacy Theory In todays era, application of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting plays an important role as it provide satisfaction that organizations actions are appropriate and desirable without harming the interest of the society: T Shank (2005). Business entity provides assurance to society that it is complying with the expectation of society. Social contract represents the expectation (implicit and explicit) of society about how business entity should perform its operations. In todays era it is very important to meet the need of the society. Organization have progressively used their yearly reports to voluntarily report data indentifying with their social activities, especially showing their concern towards natural environment. Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. Rankin, Voght (2000), used Legitimacy theory to show how disclosure regarding social i ssue in yearly report changed around the time. Gordon and Deegan (1996) concluded that increasing disclosure requirement has positive impact on organization. It improves the relationship between society and the organization. A business organization can select the audience which will become part of such disclosures. Media which is favored by business organization for disclosing social and environmental issue is the website of business entity, stand alone reports/ as part of yearly report of the organization. Ethical prospective and voluntarily disclosure of organization Intentional corporate social disclosure are literarily interceded talks which convey an "atmosphere of authenticity" are depended upon by pertinent public as portrayals of authoritative exercises, yields objectives as by large these are not promptly discernible. Voluntarily disclosure enrolls, reverberate enhance prevailing societal topics qualities. Organization influences and influenced by the society in which it perform its work. Traditional financial accounting is not useful because it focus on the information need of the shareholder; it avoids social and environmental disclosures. In todays era it is very important to meet the needs of the society: Saloman (2006) There should be triple bottom line reporting. Triple bottom line reporting considers the impact of social, environmental performance of an organization. Under legitimacy theory bounds and norms are not stringent, so organization needs to be responsive towards that. Patten (1992) explained that there is change in disclosure requirement of US oil mills which exists in Alaska. As per Legitimacy theory there is increase in the disclosure requirement of oil mills, which causes increase in overall disclosure requirement of the industry. Accounting disclosure is the strategy of the organization to manipulate the relationship the relationship of organization with society-ML Defnd (1998). Voluntarily public disclosure in annually report of the organization can be used to implement previous legitimating strategies of the organization. There can be two forms of voluntarily disclosure, one is substantive disclosure another is symbolic disclosure. In substantive disclosure actual changes in organization will be reflected whereas in symbolic disclosure actual changes will not be reflected, but they are made to aligned with social values and expectation of the society: Jo and Kim (2007). Various researchers examined the need of voluntarily disclosure which includes social and environmental disclosure. They also examined the changing pattern in disclosure requirement. To maintain legitimacy in the entity, it is beneficial to provide voluntarily disclosure of social and environmental issue in annual return: Botason (1997) As per ODonovan (1999), organization assumed that media give shape to the concern of the public and yearly report disclosure provides opportunity to the company to cover from negative media coverage. The relation between social contract and financial performance of the organization is very important. According to Oberman (2000), in late 1920, some organizations were doing voluntarily disclosure. Impact of voluntarily disclosure is very dynamic. One sole motive of voluntarily disclosure and ethical reporting is to bring transparency in the reporting system and society must be aware of organizations activities- Walsh (2003). Society has right to information about the organization. It is the duty of the entity to provide voluntarily disclosure regarding social responsibility (social and environmental) to the society. Rankin, Voght (2000), used Legitimacy theory to show how disclosure regarding social issue in yearly report changed around the time. Gordon and Deegan (1996) concluded that increasing disclosure requirement has positive impact on organization. It improves the relationship between society and the organization. Reporting by entity is assumed as a responsibility of entity rather than demand. There are 2 types of responsibility under accountability: one is to take action and another one is to provide a report on those actions which are undertaken by management of the entity. Voluntarily disclosure with financial disclosure helps the organization to get an edge in the market. It is also used to get support from society by fulfilling their demands. Voluntarily disclosure as the term says all, it is not compulsory for the organization to disclose social and environmental issue but if organization perform its function according to norms and by meeting the expectation of society, then definitely that entity will get an edge in the market- Burgstahler (1997). So, organization should perform its activities ethically by considering the need of the society. Sustainability reporting defines that how present activities of the organization are effecting abilities of future generation to fulfill their nee ds. If society wants sustainability reporting from organization then in this case sustainability reporting must be aligned with legitimacy theory to achieve the objective of organization effectively and efficiently. By providing information to the society regarding social, economic and environmental performance of the organization, it will build the trust among society- MH (1996) A great part of the interest for corporate social disclosure can be seen as the consequence of open yearning for data on which to base a supposition about regardless of whether a business organization "suitable" or "right and legitimate" that is , to assess the authenticity of business organization. In addition, a great part of the intentional social divulgence issued by enterprises which can be seen as endeavors at legitimating, that is endeavors to accomplish the status of authenticity" Most of the business organisation voluntarily discloses social information in their annual report. These voluntarily disclosures can take the form of management discussion in yearly reports of the organization or separate disclosure (For example: stand-alone, social, sustainability or environmental report). But the format and content of the stand alone, social, sustainable and environmental disclosure is not provided anywhere. Global reporting initiative which is also known as GRI came into existence in 1997. Global reporting initiative provides guidelines for reporting of social issue, environmental issue and political issue by business organization. The latest version (that is third) of Global reporting initiative was came into existence in 2003(which is known as G3)-Chung (1996). Because of this business organization provide reporting on social issues. The business organization will decide what they have to report, how they will report, and at what level, business organization wil l provide detail to the society regarding social issue. Information inductance is an example of voluntarily social disclosures. A business organization can select the audience which will become part of such disclosures. Media which is favored by business organization for disclosing social and environmental issue is the website of business entity, stand alone reports/ as part of yearly report of the organization. Contract between entity and society in social contract Thomas Hobbes introduces the theory of social contract. Social contract is a contract between which exists between business entity and society where business entity perform its operation. Under social contract two aspects are covered, one is explicit expectation of society from organization, another one is implicit expectation of society from organization. Implicit expectation can be defined as expectation of the society from the business entity, whereas explicit can be defined as legal requirement which organization have to fulfill to operate its business activities effectively and efficiently. Lindblom (1994) concluded that legitimacy theory based upon a notion that there should be social contract between society and organization. A social contract is a contract which defines implicit and explicit expectation of society from the organization. Explicit term can be defined as legal requirement which organization has to fulfill and implicit term can be defined as society expectation. Business entity provides assurance to society that it is complying with the expectation of society. Social contract represents the expectation (implicit and explicit) of society about how business entity should perform its operations: Dechow (1994).During golden years (old time), there was only one measure to know the performance of organization, that was profit maximization. It means that the more company will earn profit, the better it is. Other factors were ignored during that period. But nowadays expectation of public has changed- S Seficik (2004). Now, business entity performs its operation by considering the need of the society. Now, business entities have to disclose social issue, political issue and environmental issue in their annual report. Organization has to tell whether they are compliance with laws and regulation which are levied upon them-EF (1970) Implications if business entity is unable to meet the social contract Society gave permission to business entity to perform their activities by fulfilling their needs. Business organization has to compliance with legal, social and political requirement. But sometimes, business organization faces the problem of legal restrictions which are levied upon them. If business organization is unable to meet the social contract then it will not be able to perform its task (operation) effectively and efficiently. When restriction is imposed upon resources of the business organization then it will not be able to fulfill the demand of customer, and its market share will decline. It is very important for business organization to meet the expectation of society because if business organization will not do so then it will lose its market share and its competitor will get an edge in the market. Social contract is very important for legitimacy in accounting. Social contract provides foundation to the legitimacy theory in accounting. So, it becomes important for organization to consider the demand of society while performing its operation. Social contract theory defines the moral obligation of business organization towards the society. Social contract theory is similar to political theory as per Hobbes. In the 21st century, social contract in legitimacy theory regained momentum in the business organization. Social contract theory provides importance to morality. Social contract defines laws, rules which organization has to follow while performing their operation. Now because of social contract which exists between society and business organization, entity perform their operations by considering environmental, social and political issues. It has a positive impact in the society as a whole. Now there is more accountability. It brings transparency in the system. Social contract is very important in todays era as expectation of society is increasing; they want that business organization should perform their task by fulfilling their expectation. Earlier there was only one sole objective of business organization, that was profit maximization or wealth maximization, which means that increase the earning for the shareholders in any way by ignoring all other factors (social factor, environmental factor and political factor). Now Business organization has to consider all the other factors (social factor, environmental factor and political factor) while maximizing the profit for their shareholder. It can be concluded that it is the positive step for the development of society as a whole. Now business organizations are more accountable and it brings transparency in the system. Main motive of social contract is to bring freedom in the society: It means that society has right to exercise their freedom as per Hobbes. Another main motive is to promote rational interest in the society. According to Hobbes concept of social contract between society and the business organization promote rational interest. Another main motive of social contract between society and the business organization is to bring equality in the society. Equality can be defined in terms of equality of need of the society, Equality for resources (scarce resources) and equality oh power of human. Another main motive of social contract between society and business organization is to promote justice relations. It has two dimensions, one is normative dimension and another one is empirical dimension. Last but not the least, motive of social contract between society and business organization is to raise the sovereignty and interest if individual. These all are the basic motive of social contract. I t can be said that it is the positive step for the development of society as a whole. Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholders theory, intuitional theory, positive accounting and focuses on social contract and responsibility towards society. All the theories-stakeholders theory, positive accounting theory, legitimacy theory are based upon system. The main aim of these theories is to disclose the relationship between society and the business organization regarding disclosure of information. The business organization influences society in which it performs its operations and vice versa. Political economic theory provides basis for Legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory: Fama (1993). As per Ownes (1996), political theory provides framework for the social, economical and political issue. When there is no Political theory, then in that case economic reporting cannot be done by the business organization. Under political theory, reporting done by business enterprise is the exchange of goods between business organization and environment in which it operates. There are two aspects of theory: one is classical aspect, another one is Bourgeois aspect. The main motive of classical aspect of political economic theory is to reduce or minimize the conflicts in the society. Social disclosure by business organization provides transparency regarding the scarcity of resources: Friedman (1970). But bourgeois aspect of political theory does not provide attention to conflicts in the society. The main motive of bourgeois aspect of political economic theory is to consider the interaction of society with the organization. Both legitimate theory stakeholder theory are originated from bourgeois political economic theory. Stakeholder theory has 2 branches: one is ethical branch (it is also known as normative branch) and another one is positive branch (it is also known as managerial branch). There is so much common in both the theories (stakeholder theory legitimacy theory). Both theories are originated from positive economic theory, but legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholder theory. According to Reed (1983), stakeholder is a group of people who has impact upon organization or vice versa (which means that, activities of the business organization have also impact upon group of individuals). Stakeholders are connected to business organization as their interest is connected to business organization. The main motive of stakeholder theory is to avoid the conflicts between business organization and stakeholder and promote the rational interest of the stakeholder. Stakeholder of the organization has right to get information from management of business organization regarding their performance. Stakeholders can be of 2 types: one is primary stakeholder and another one is secondary stakeholder. Primary stakeholders are those stakeholders who participate in day to day functioning of the business organization, with whom business organization is unable to perform its daily task: Strawer (2001). Examples of primary stakeholder are managers of the business organizations, employees of the business organizations; where as secondary stakeholders are those stakeholders who do not intervene in day to day functioning of the business organization. They are not involved in daily routine in business organization but they have impact upon the organization and they can be influenced by activities of business organization. Example of secondary stakeholder is: shareholders. Shareholders of business entity do not intervene in day to day functioning of business entity but activities of business entity can af fect shareholders and vice versa is also true. As per stakeholders theory, Stakeholders have right to get information from business enterprise regarding the performance. When stakeholder ask the business entity to provide the information regarding the performance of company, then in that business entity cannot deny to stakeholder, company is bounded to provide necessary information to the stakeholder. Information which is provided by company can be assumed as a responsibility of the business organization. There is a managerial branch of stakeholders which examine that whether business organization is fulfilling the expectation of stakeholder or not- Evan and Freeman (1988) Under stakeholder theory, only some group of individual is considered by the business organization whereas in legitimacy theory whole society is considered by the business organization. Stakeholder theory is narrow in terms whereas legitimacy theory is wider in terms because legitimacy theory considers society as a whole whereas stakeholder theory only considers particular group of individual. It can be said that Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholder theory, besides both the theories are common because both the theories are originated from Positive economic theory- Ullman (1985). There are 2 aspects of stakeholder theory; one is ethical aspect whereas another one is managerial aspect. But the management of the business organization is controlled by both the aspects. Sometimes, Legitimacy theory is compared with Positive accounting theory (hypothesis of political cost). But, social contract provides foundation for legitimacy theory. Legitimacy theory does not depends upon assumption (economic based), according to economic based assumptions all the facts are controlled by profit maximization whereas positive accounting theory is based upon such principle: Starks (2003). Thus, it can be said that legitimacy theory is wider in terms and provides holistic view of the business organization whereas positive accounting theory is narrow in term and does not provide holistic view of the business organization. Positive accounting theory ignores non cost factor whereas Legitimacy theory considers the entire non cost factor, so that organization can perform its function by fulfilling the needs and expectations of society where it operates. It also brings transparency in the system of the business enterprise. It can be concluded that Legitimacy theory overlap ped positive accounting theory (Hypothesis of political cost): Hamilton (1993). Institutional theory is a theory which provides linkage between practices of business organization with social values. Under institutional theory, business organization is inclined towards type of uniformity. As per DiMaggio Powell (1983), there are 2 aspects of institutional theory, one is isomorphism and another one is decoupling. Isomorphism can be defined as process of limiting the power of 1 segment in the population to match the remaining segments that will face same kind of environmental issues. There are 3 processes which come under isomorphic aspect of institutional theory: one is coercive, another one is mimetic and last one is normative. Coercive process is similar to stakeholder theory (managerial branch), in coercive process of isomorphism, business enterprise changes its normal practice due to the influence of the stakeholder upon the business enterprise. Stakeholders who are strong can have same expectation from another business entity: Healy (1999). Under Mimetic pro cess of isomorphism, business enterprise took ideas from its competitor to take an edge over its competitor and it will help to overcome the risk of uncertainty in the business entity. Under normative process of isomorphism, people particular pressurize the business entity to implement particular practice. Another aspect of institutional theory is decoupling, under decoupling, manager of the business entity founds that there is a need to implement particular practice, which can varies from present practice which is followed by the business enterprise. It can be said that legitimacy theory overlapped institutional theory as well- Malin (2006). Legitimacy theory is very important in todays world. It plays a vital role in the development of society as a whole. It also helps business organization to achieve its goal effectively and efficiently by meeting the expectation of society, by following rules and regulation which are implied over business entity under social contract. Legitimacy theory is verified through various processes. Many researchers analyzed the requirement of social, political, environmental disclosure in the business organization. Here are some examples of empirical studies (for legitimacy theory) Patten (1992) explained that there is change in disclosure requirement of US oil mills which exists in Alaska. As per Legitimacy theory there is increase in the disclosure requirement of oil mills, which causes increase in overall disclosure requirement of the industry. Deegan (2002) explained that both the term legitimacy and legitimating are different. Legitimacy is the condition which exists when value of the organization is similar to the society whereas legitimating is the process because of which organization is able to view as a legitimate. Lindblom (1994) concluded that legitimacy theory based upon a notion that there should be social contract between society and organization. A social contract is a contract which defines implicit and explicit expectation of society from the organization. Explicit term can be defined as legal requirement which organization has to fulfill and implicit term can be defined as society expectation. Rankin, Voght (2000), used Legitimacy theory to s how how disclosure regarding social issue in yearly report changed around the time. Gordon and Deegan (1996) concluded that increasing disclosure requirement has positive impact on organization. It improves the relationship between society and the organization. Legitimacy theory is the theory which provides the relationship between disclosure requirement of business enterprise and expectation of the society from business enterprise. As per ODonovan (1999), organization assumed that media give shape to the concern of the public and yearly report disclosure provides opportunity to the company to cover from negative media coverage. The relation between social contract and financial performance of the organization is very important. According to Oberman (2000), in late 1920, some organizations were doing voluntarily disclosure. Impact of voluntarily disclosure is very dynamic. Legitimating theory focus on social contract and it explains the responsibility of the business organization towards the society. Social contract provides foundation to the legitimacy theory. It can be concluded that all the theories are important for the development of society and business organization. Application of particular theory depends upon the circumstances under which business organization is doing its operation. Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholders theory, intuitional theory and positive accounting theory which are discussed above. As social contract plays an important role in legitimacy theory. Application of social contract in legitimacy theory brings transparency in the system and helps the society as a whole in many ways as discussed above. Act legitimately for social contract Business organization should act legitimately by providing relevant information to the society and by fulfilling their expectation. If organization will act legitimately then automatically it will achieve its goal effectively and efficiently, it provides edge to the organization over its competitor- Lang (1991). Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. In todays era, application of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting plays an important role as it provide satisfaction that organizations actions are appropriate and desirable without harming the interest of the society: T Shank (2005). Business entity provides assurance to society that it is complying with the expectation of society. Social contract represents the expectation (implicit and explicit) of society about how business entity should perform its operations. Social contract is very import ant for legitimacy in accounting. When stakeholder ask the business entity to provide the information regarding the performance of company, then in that business entity cannot deny to stakeholder, company is bounded to provide necessary information to the stakeholder. Information which is provided by company can be assumed as a responsibility of the business organization. A business organization can select the audience which will become part of such disclosures. Media which is favored by business organization for disclosing social and environmental issue is the website of business entity, stand alone reports/ as part of yearly report of the organization. As per Thomas Hobbes (1985), in todays era it is very important to fulfill the expectation of society. Expectation of society has changed, now social issues, environmental issues are to be considered by organization. Social contract provides foundation to the legitimacy theory in accounting. So, it becomes important for organization to consider the demand of society while performing its operation. Conclusion It can be concluded that social contract provides foundation to the Legitimacy theory. We address the importance of disclosure of social information, environmental information. From last two decades, organization have progressively used their yearly reports to voluntarily report data indentifying with their social activities, especially showing their concern towards natural environment. Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. Now because of social contract which exists between society and business organization, entity perform their operations by considering environmental, social and political issues. It has a positive impact in the society as a whole. Now there is more accountability. It brings transparency in the system. Social contract is very important in todays era as expectation of society is increasing; they want that business organization should perf orm their task by fulfilling their expectation. Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholders theory, intuitional theory and positive accounting theory which are discussed above. As social contract plays an important role in legitimacy theory. Application of social contract in legitimacy theory brings transparency in the system and helps the society as a whole in many ways as discussed above. In nutshell, social contract contributes in the development as a whole. References Lindblom (1994). Implications of organizational legitimacy for corporate social performance and disclosure (3rd ed., Vol. 2). New York: Blackwell. Deegan (2002). An Examination of the Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosures of BHP from 1983-1997. A Test of Legitimacy Theory. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 213 - 252. doi: 10.1037/sdk00023458. Hobbes, Thomas (1985). Legitimacy Theory. Leviathan C.B Macpherson. London: Penguin Books. Patten (1992). Media Exposure, Public Policy Pressure, and Environmental Disclosure: An Examination of the Impact of Tri Data Availability. Accounting Forum. Vol.26, No.2, pp. 152 - 171. Doi: 10.3209/adk0000067. Rankin, Voght (2000). Firms Disclosure Reactions to Major Social Incidents: Australian Evidence. Accounting Forum, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 101 130. Doi: 10.0145/hik0000054. Jo, Kim (2007). Disclosure Frequency and Earnings Management. Journal of Financial Economics. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 132 - 161. Doi: 10.0986/qtk0000587. ODonovan (1999). Environmental Disclosures in the Annual Report: Extending the Applicability and Predictive Power of Legitimacy Theory. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability. Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 344 - 371. Doi: 10.1108/00070700. Evan and Freeman (1988). Organizational legitimacy and disclosure (2nd Ed, Vol. 3). New York: Blackwell. Ullmann (1985). Data in search of a theory: a critical examination of the relationships among social performance, social disclosure, and economic performance of U.S. firms. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 540-547. Doi: 10.1098/kyt0000532. DiMaggio Powell (1983). Corporate Social Responsibility as a Conflict between Shareholders (1st Ed, Vol. 2). London: Penguin. Gordon, Deegan (1996). Firms Disclosure Reactions to Major Social Incidents: Australian Evidence. Accounting Forum, p.14. Salomon (2006). Beyond Dichotomy: the Curvilinear Relationship between Social Responsibility and Financial Performance (5th Ed, Vol.3). New York: Pearson Hall. Defond (1998). The Effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management (2nd Ed, Vol 4). London- PI Hall. Botosan (1997). Disclosure Level and the Cost of Equity Capital. Accounting Review, p. 72. Burgstahler (1997). Earnings Management to Avoid Earnings Decreases and Losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 24, 99-126. Doi: 10.1067/lkt0006778. Chung (1996). The Impact of Security Analysts Monitoring and Marketing Functions on the Market Value of Firms. Journal of Financial Quantitative Analysis 31, 493-512. Doi: 10.11678/uik0007789 Dechow (1994). Accounting Earnings and Cash Flows as Measures of Firm Performance: the Role of accounting Accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 18, 3-42. [Retrieved from https://econ.au.dk/fileadmin/Economics_Business/Education/Summer_University_2012/6308_Advanced_Financial_Accounting/Advanced_Financial_Accounting/2/Dechow_1994.pdf] Sefcik (2004). Earnings Management, Stock Issues, and Shareholder Lawsuits. Journal of Financial Economic71, 27-49. [Retrievedfromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222698646_Earnings_Management_Stock_Issues_and_Shareholder_Lawsuits] E.F (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance 25, 383417. Doi: 10.12543/kit0000034 Fama (1993). Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics 33, 56-62. [Retrievedfromhttps://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~charvey/Teaching/IntesaBci_2001/FF_Common_risk.pdf] Friedman (1970). Money and Income: Comment on Tobin. Economics Review, p. 84. Strawer (2001). Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Disclosures: An Alternative Explanation. Journal of Business Ethics 33, 1-33. [Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1011941212444] Hamilton (1993). Doing Well While Doing Good The Investment Performance of Socially Responsible Mutual Funds. Financial Analyst Journal 49 (6), 62-66. [Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238344469_Doing_Well_While_Doing_Good_The_Investment_Performance_of_Socially_Responsible_Mutual_Funds] Starks (2003). Institutional Investors. Journal of Finance 58, 2351-2374. [Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1540-6261.2003.00608.x/abstract] Healy (1999). A Review of the Earnings Management Setting. Accounting Horizons, p.13, 365-383. Mallin (2006). Are Ethical or Socially Responsible Investments Socially Responsible? Journal of Business Ethics 66, 393-406. [Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-006-0001-x] Shank (2005). CSR and Socially Responsible Investing. Journal of Business Ethics 70, 165-174.[ Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-006-9103-8] Lang (1991). Cross-sectional Determinants of Analyst Ratings of Corporate Disclosures. Journal of Accounting Research 31, 246-271.[Retrieved from https://public.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/faculty/langm/Publications/Cross-Sectional_Determinants.pdf] M.H (1996). Corporate Disclosure Policy and Analysts Behavior. Accounting Review, p. 71. Lundholm (2000). Voluntary Disclosure and Equity Offerings. Contemporary Accounting Research, p.623. Ritter (1995). The New Issues Puzzle. Journal of Finance 50, 23-51. [Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05166.x/abstract] Walsh (2003). Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business. Administrative Science Quarterly, p. 48, 268-305. Merton (1987). A Simple Model of Market with Incomplete Information. Journal of Finance 42, 483-510. [Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb04565.x/abstract] Oberman (2000). Book Review of Mitchell: The Conspicuous Corporation. Business and Society, p. 329. Ownes (1996). Managerial Perceptions of Corporate Social Disclosure. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 406 436. [Retrieved from https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09513570210435898] Reed (1983). Stakeholder influence on corporate reporting (1st Ed, Vol. 2). London: Penguin.

Paper on Haroun and the Sea of Stories free essay sample

A tale of adventure can pertain to an individual’s journey, whether it is a story in which the character physically journeys from one place to another, or a story encompassing a journey within the character. Salman Rushdie’s Haroun and The Sea of Stories takes readers on a journey of their own as they experience the enchanting tale of a young boy, Haroun, and his heroic journey from one realm to another. In a way, this story amounts to the structure of the standard hero’s journey, however revising the structured way the series of events unfolds. Characteristic of a hero’s myth, Haroun is an ordinary young boy at the beginning of the novel. His father tells stories, yet never comes forth with a legitimate explanation of their creation. As it turns out, the stories that Haroun’s father has told are in fact magically gathered from a different world than is known to ordinary man. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper on Haroun and the Sea of Stories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Haroun encounters the magical water genie that provides his father with his flow of stories. This water genie notes the beginning of a profound journey between different worlds and environments, working to spark realizations and character evolvement. The mystical world created by Rushdie envelops the reader as the context lays out incredible imagery—immense enough to pull one into its story like a harsh tide could pull back into the sea. A mythic hero journey typically begins with an ordinary character, called to adventure for one reason or another. In Rushdie’s work, Haroun embodies this heroic character, when he realizes he is at fault for his father’s inability to continue with story telling. When he encounters the water genie, the genie becomes his mentor in a sense—bringing him from the ordinary world to his magical world of stories, where Haroun will be able to save his father’s stories. The reader becomes increasingly aware of Haroun’s motive and drive when he drinks a certain wishwater and sees his father’s face in his mind: â€Å"just do this one thing for me, my boy, just this one little thing† (Rushdie, 70). With this motivation, Haroun proclaims himself a hero for a cause—his father. However, as the story progresses, he becomes all the more heroic as the story land is faced with problems of its own and Haroun steps in to help. Haroun crosses into a new realm, as a hero would in a mythic story, yet does so without knowing his ultimate cause. Furthermore, a standard hero typically has a point in which he doubts going on the journey or quest. This becomes a waiting period in which the hero is depressed or setback. Haroun experiences his setbacks in different ways, which revises the natural alignment of the hero tale. He faces a problem in which he cannot focus for more than eleven minutes, and because of this cannot focus enough to effectively use his mind. When he fails to make the wishwater useful, he feels like a failure, as typical for a hero at this point of doubt. However, this moment is quick and does not hold much significance until the end of the novel, when he can finally use his attention for beneficial outcome. A hero story is incomplete without an ultimate enemy and an army to help back the heroic cause. Through his journey, Haroun stays true to this plot of the heroic myth, and creates a set of allies when he explores this new world. He meets the bird Iff, the floating gardener Mali, the page Blabbermouth, and of course the water genie. After his allies have been collected, Haroun is made aware of the enemy: Kattham Shud. Upon hearing his name, â€Å"Haroun felt his blood run cold† (75). After the enemy has been pronounced, another journey is to be taken to rid the land of stories of its troubles. Haroun’s father somehow winds up on the second world and aids in this heroic feat. The story continues with multiple themes of the typical heroic myth, including the conquering of the enemy, a profound heroic moment and realization, and the return home. Haroun is still a young boy, but he has become a hero and has matured with the soul of a man. His accomplishments match those of a mythic hero story, yet they differ in the sense that he is a boy, and needs guidance and support from elders and those with more knowledge. Additionally, the story did not play out exactly how one would ordinarily unfold. However, this story of heroic accomplishment and inward stride is one representing a story of ultimate journey: both inward and outward.